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1. “三長”

(1) 介詞短語

【定義】從介詞開始到名詞結束、表達一個獨立的完整的含義的結構。

【起止標識】標記介詞短語時，要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個名詞終止。如：at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks、to the destination

【例句】 (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

(2) 從句

【定義】從句是復合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等關系詞引導的非主句部分。

【起止標識】標記從句時，一定從關系詞開始，到以下四種終止。

① 到句尾終止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).

② 到句中的逗號終止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.

③ 到下一個修飾成分終止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介詞短語，屬于另一個修飾成分，故從句的標記在此處終止)

④ 到下一個謂語動詞終止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

(3) 非謂語動詞短語

【定義】非謂語動詞是指動詞在句子中“不是謂語”時的幾種變化形式，主要包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三類。非謂語動詞不能獨立作謂語，而是充當句子的其他成分。由非謂語動詞開頭的、表示一個獨立、完整的含義的結構叫做非謂語動詞短語。

【起止標識】標記非謂語動詞短語時，一定是從動詞不定式(to do)、動名詞(doing)或分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞doing或過去分詞done)開頭，到以下四種情況終止。

① 到句尾終止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).

② 到句中的逗號終止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.

③ 到下一個修飾成分終止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介詞短語，屬于另一修飾成分。)

④ 到下一個謂語動詞終止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.